Impact No.
|
Impact
|
Summary
|
Causes
|
Link
|
1
|
Adverse Effects on Farming and Farmland Preservation
|
Well
pad development on active farmland, potential soil and water contamination,
and significant freshwater use for hydraulic fracturing can all have
negative impacts on farming practices and long-term farmland preservation.
|
Development;
Pollution; Contamination; Water use
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec.9 (1), (2.2) ABCDE p. 11-13
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 12 Plan Concept p .37
SCCP Sec 1, p. 5
|
|
2
|
Adverse Effects on Local Economic Development
|
Sudden
development, particularly surrounding non-renewable resource extraction, can
lead to rapid economic and population growth followed by equally rapid
stagnation and decline. The aesthetics of rapid industrial-based growth can
hinder tourism and long-term economic development.
|
Boomtown
creation, Reduced tourism
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 9 ABCDE
p.
11-13
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 12 Plan Concept p .37
SCCP Sec 1, p. 12
|
|
3
|
Adverse Effects on Local Housing Market from Increased
Scarcity and Cost
|
With
rapidly developing new industry, communities can experience a large influx of
new workers. This new population needs housing and other services that may
not be available. This increased demand can drive up prices across the
community, making affordable housing impossible for both workers and other
community members.
|
Rapid
and large influx of out-of-state workers
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 19 DEF
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 12 Plan Concept p .37
|
|
4
|
Adverse Effects on Property Values
|
Concerns
about environmental damage, whether real or perceived, along with potential
mortgage and insurance restrictions around fracking sites, can drive down
local housing prices.
|
Environmental
damage; Mortgage and insurance restrictions
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec.10, SU, #14 ABC
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 1, E, p .8
SCCP Housing page 30
|
|
5
|
Adverse
Effects on Road Conditions and Safety
|
With
hydraulic fracturing comes substantial truck traffic related to well pad
operations. Increased truck traffic leads to deteriorating roads and
increased costs of repair and maintenance.
|
Truck
traffic
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec.10, SU, ABC
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 7, p .18
SCCP Sec 2, p. 10
SCCP Sec 3 ABC, p. 11
|
|
6
|
Air Pollution
|
Several
aspects of the hydraulic fracturing operation can lead to air pollution,
including truck traffic, flared methane gas, gas leaks, and evaporation from
wastewater ponds.
|
Well
pad pumps and drilling machinery; Flaring; Drilling dust; Gas escape from
well; Dust from increased road traffic; Sand Dust (mining); Machine/Truck
Emissions
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 10, SU, 2G, #7
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 8
SCCP Sec 4, No. 6
|
|
7
|
Degenerating Civic Discourse, Erosion of Community
Character, and Increased Crime
|
Hydraulic
fracturing has emerged as a very contentious issue on the local scale. The
tenor of the debate can degenerate otherwise respectful community discourse.
This is often made worse because the negative impacts of fracturing are often
felt evenly across a community while the benefits accrue more unevenly, with
those who have leased land standing to benefit the most. Likewise, some
commentators have argued that the influx of new residents and workers can
dramatically change the character of the town and that transient workers, in
particular, can lead to increases in crime.
|
Heterogeneous
allocation of adverse impacts, and lucrative fracking leases
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 19, F, No. 6
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec 7, p. 18
SCCP Sec. 3, AB, p. 11
|
|
8
|
Deterrence of or Constraint on Future Growth
|
Well
pad construction, pipelines, and other hydraulic fracturing related
infrastructure may create permanent barriers or increased costs to future
plot development.
|
Pipelines
and well sites within local government limits may slow or increase the cost
of future development
|
(no data)
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 22 (1) Beneficial Use Determination, A
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 12, p. 37
SCCP Sec. 5, Housing, B
|
|
9
|
Difficulty with Local Government Workforce Retention
(and resulting rising salaries)
|
Increasing
employment opportunities is an obviously positive result of a growing
hydraulic fracturing industry in a community. However, the new opportunities
can raise demand for employees, thereby raising salaries. This may make it
difficult for local governments to retain and pay employees.
|
Increased
oil and gas employment opportunities
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 19, F, No. 6
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 12, p. 37
SCCP Sec. 5, Housing, B
|
|
10
|
Earthquakes and Ground Vibration
|
Some experience
suggests that injection of fluids and wastewater in proximity to fault lines
can increase seismic activity.
|
Fluid
injections near or on fault-lines. Significant uncertainty around causation.
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 19, F, No. 6
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 7, p. 18
SCCP Sec. 3, p. 11
|
|
11
|
Environmental Impacts from Increased Sand Mining and
Processing
|
Sand
is a major component of fracturing fluid. It is used to prop open the newly
fractured shale. The high demand for sand can increase mining and processing
operations in some areas. These operations have their own set of local
impacts.
|
Need
for proppant
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 10 (1), Sand & Gravel Mining, p. 35-47
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 7, p. 17-18
SCCP Sec. 6, A
|
|
12
|
Farmland
Preservation
|
In
certain communities, particularly those with high property costs, the income
from farming may not be competitive with other uses of land. However, where
farmers are able to increase their income as a result of natural gas leases
and royalties, the economics of maintaining an active farm can become more
attractive. By this calculus, hydraulic fracturing can potentially help
maintain the character of a community by preserving farmland.
|
Private
revenue from leases and royalties
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 9 (1) (2.2) CD-RRE A-C
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 12, p. 37
SCCP Sec. 1 ABCDE, p. 5-9
|
|
13
|
Groundwater Pollution
|
There
are several mechanisms by which fracking wastewater can pollute groundwater.
The most common occurs when water from wastewater ponds runs off and enters
the groundwater. It is also possible for fracturing fluid to leak from wells
due to defects in the cement casing around the drill. Some people also claim
that wastewater can enter the groundwater by moving up through the ground
from disposal wells, but that is unproven and controversial.
|
Wastewater
pond runoff. Drill leaks.
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec.19, F, No. 6
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 3, p. 8-9; Sec. 8, p. 20
SCCP Sec. 3, B, p. 11
|
|
14
|
Health
Concerns for Workers
|
The
process of hydraulic fracturing posses a number of risks for workers,
including exposure to chemicals, accidents at the well site, or inhalation of
particulate matter such as silica dust.
|
Chemical
spills, explosions, other accidents at the well; Silica dust exposure
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 17, D. No. 6; Sec. 19, F, No. 6
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 7, p. 17-19
SCCP Sec. 3, A, B, p. 11
SCCP Sec. 6, A, 1-6
|
|
15
|
Improved Roads
|
Increased
heavy truck traffic associated with hydraulic fracturing causes road damage.
However, many operators agree to maintain and repair roads at their own
expense. This can provide local governments with improved roads, possibly to
higher standards than before fracking, without cost to taxpayers.
|
Operator
maintenance, road use agreements
|
|
16
|
Increased
Burden on and Cost of Provision of Local Government Services
|
Rapidly
growing populations create greater demand for government services and
infrastructure such as city personnel, courthouses, emergency services, and
municipal offices.
|
Rapid
population growth, resulting in need for greater staff and infrastructure
(ex. courthouses, offices, city personnel)
|
(no data)
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 19, F Zone map 1-6
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 7, p. 17
SCCP Sec. 2 A, B, p. 10
SCCP Sec. 3, A, B, C, p. 11
|
|
17
|
Increased Burden on and Costs for Local Health and
Emergency Services
|
The
increased local population that can come with hydraulic fracturing along with
the increase in industrial activities that could cause emergencies can
escalate the burden on local health services and emergency services, driving
up costs across the board.
|
Increase
in number of people needing services, increase in activities which could
cause emergencies
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 19, F, No. 1-6
Sec.
22, A
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 7
SCCP Sec. 5, A, B, C
|
|
18
|
Increased Local Charitable
Contributions
|
As new
members of a community, hydraulic fracturing companies will often make an
effort to integrate themselves through, among other things, local
charitable
|
Donations
from operators
|
|
19
|
Increased Local Employment
|
The
economic activity created by hydraulic fracturing extends from the industry
itself to housing to leisure. Hydraulic fracturing has the potential to
create jobs and dramatically increase local employment opportunities and
wages.
|
Boom
created by increase in economic activity and population
|
|
20
|
Increased Property
Values
|
The
broad-based economic activity created by hydraulic fracturing as well as the
fracking-specific increases to undeveloped sub-surface rights can increase
property values across an entire jurisdiction.
|
Value
of undeveloped subsurface resources; Economic boom
|
|
21
|
Increased Revenue from
Fee-for-Service Payments
|
Local
governments often carry-out fee-for-service operations such as town or county
clerk fees related to land records and fees for water use. Governments can
therefore benefit through increased payments of this nature.
|
Payments
for services rendered (ex. county clerk fees for providing land records,
water sales)
|
|
22
|
Increased Revenue from
Intergovernmental Transfers
|
States
collect a number of fees and taxes associated with hydraulic fracturing
operations (for example, severance taxes and impact fees). In many cases
states have an arrangement with the host towns in which the state transfers a
percentage of this income in proportion to the fracking activity within the
town.
|
State
intergovernmental transfers (severance taxes or impact fees)
|
|
24
|
Increased Tax Revenue
|
With
new industry comes population growth, increasing property values, and
increasing visitors. This will increase local tax revenue particularly
through property taxes, local sales tax, and hotel/lodging taxes.
|
Population
growth; Property tax; Sales tax; Hotel/Lodging tax
|
|
25
|
Loss of Local Habitat and Species
|
A
number of factors can have a negative impact on local habitats and species
including proliferation of well pad sites, pipelines, truck traffic, noise,
light, and both air and water pollution.
|
Infrastructure;
Transport; Pollution
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 10, SU, 2 G, 1-8
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 12, No. 10, p. 38
SCCP Sec. 1 A, D
|
|
26
|
Loss
of Recreational Space
|
The
proliferation of well pad sites, pipelines, and other infrastructure has the
potential to reduce recreational spaces such as parks, sports fields, and
nature reserves.
|
Footprint
of multiple well pads sizable
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 10, A, B, C, D, E
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 5, A, B
RREAP Sec. 13, p. 13
RREAP p. 41
SCCP Sec. 1 A, B, C, D, E, Sec. 2
|
|
27
|
Noise Pollution
|
Truck
traffic, compressors, workers, and other drilling operations create noise
that can be disruptive to the surrounding community.
|
Operation
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 10, SU, A. No. 1-4; Sec. 19, F, No. 1-6; Sec. 17,
D, No. 4
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 1, Intro, p. 5, No. 1
SCCP Sec. 1, B, p. 6
|
|
28
|
Revenue from Leasing and Royalties
|
Private
land owners who lease their property for hydraulic fracturing stand to make
money through payments for development rights and other royalties. Where
operations take place on public land, the same is true for the government
that holds the land.
|
Payments
for development rights (to private owners or for county-owned land)
|
|
29
|
Soil Compaction
|
Heavy
truck and equipment traffic over soil, particularly wet soil, can push air
from soil, making it denser, less able to hold water, nutrients, and air, and
therefore have an effect on plant growth.
|
Equipment
and truck transport
|
(no data)
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 10, A, No. 3; Sec. 10, D, 2 (g), No. 1-6
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 8, p. 20…
SCCP Sec. 1, A, B, C, D, E
|
|
30
|
Soil Erosion and Increased Sedimentation
|
Development
of industrial sites and associated infrastructure including pipes and roads,
leads to increased soil disruption. For example, increased impervious cover
can lead to heightened levels of stormwater runoff, which can cause erosion and
sedimentation in water bodies.
|
Development;
Infrastructure; -Increased impervious cover; -Soil Compaction
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 10, A, No. 3; Sec. 10, D, 2 (g), No. 1-6
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 8, p. 20…
SCCP Sec. 1, A, B, C, D, E
|
|
31
|
Strain
on Water Infrastructure and Public Utilities
|
After fracturing,
a portion of the fluid used to fracture the shale will flow back to the
surface. Likewise, naturally occurring water from within the shale is
produced and flows to the surface. Both of these contaminated wastewaters
need either treatment, disposal, or both. These wastewaters are often treated
by municipal wastewater treatment plants and both their volume and chemical
content can strain the plant's capacity. Likewise, increased municipal
wastewater from a rapidly increasing population can strain the wastewater
treatment infrastructure, solid waste management, and energy provisioning.
|
Increased
loads of wastewater from flowback (about 70% of water used in fracking comes
back up the well). Often treated by the muni WWTP; Increased loads due to
more people/more technologies on line with energy, garbage, waste disposal
etc needs
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 10, SU, A, No. 1-4
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 7, p. 17
SCCP Sec. 3, A, B, p. 10
|
|
32
|
Surface
Water Pollution
|
Leaks
and spills from storage containers and storage ponds can impact surface
waters such as streams and ponds. However, some communities also fear that
workers will illegally dump fill material into local water bodies. Finally,
if the process pollutes groundwater, that polluted groundwater could migrate
to surface water bodies and cause surface water pollution.
|
Storage
container leaks, Storage pond liner leaks; Spills, "Casing leaks;
Proppants and fracking chemicals released into the subsurface which can
migrate to groundwater resources; Accidents; Spills; Dumping"
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 10, A, No. 1-4
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 1, A, B, C, C
SCCP Sec. 6, A, No. 1-6
|
|
33
|
Visual Blight
|
Drilling
rigs, truck traffic, construction sites, well pad industrial sites, lighting,
and other components of the hydraulic fracturing process can degrade both the
landscape scenery and an individual viewshed.
|
Development;
Operation
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 10, D, 2 (g) No. 1-8
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 12, Plan Concept 1-6, #6
SCCP Sec. 1, C, p. 7
|
|
34
|
Wastewater Generation
|
After
fracturing, a portion of the fluid used to fracture the shale will flow back
to the surface. Likewise, naturally occurring water from within the shale is
produced and flows to the surface. Both of these contaminated wastewaters need
either treatment, disposal or both.
|
Flowback
and produced waster from wells contains high levels of known and unknown
contaminants
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 10, SU, A, No. 1-4; Sec. 2 (g) No. 1-6
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 8; Sec. 7, p. 17-18
SCCP Sec. 6, A, No. 1-6
|
|
35
|
Water
Depletion
|
During
the hydraulic fracturing process, significant amounts of fresh water are
injected into the wells in order to fracture the shale and release gas and
oil.
|
High
levels of freshwaters required during the fracking process
|
|
Ordinance
|
Sandoval
County # 10.11-18.7A Sec. 10, A, No. 3
|
Master
Plan
|
RREAP Sec. 3
SCCP Sec. 1, A, B, C, D, E; Sec. 4, A, p.
12
|
About the Land Use Collaborative
http://50.87.248.60/~trevorw4/collaborative/fracking-database/
The Land Use Collaborative provides research, training,
technical assistance, support, and strategic planning services to communities.
Working with trained students, the Collaboratively quickly, affordably, and
effectively develops techniques to remedy nearly all types of land use problems
that afflict urban, suburban, and rural communities. The Collaborative works in
partnership with local land use leaders, other change agents, and state and
federal agencies.
About This Resource
Governing the local impacts of hydraulic fracturing is
a daunting task that demands information sharing and collaboration between
local leaders. The purpose of this resource is to facilitate that information
sharing by cataloguing the most common local impacts of hydraulic fracturing.
This resource does not have all the answers, but it can serve as an initial
point of collaboration and information sharing to help local governments make
informed decisions about governing the local impacts of hydraulic fracturing.
Credits
This interactive resource was designed and implemented
by Soumya Kambhampati. The material in this resource was collected and
organized by Christopher Halfnight, Rebecca Gallagher, Allison Sloto, Avana
Andrade, and Eleanor Killiam under the supervision of Josh Galperin, Jessica
Bacher, and John Nolon.
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